INS and Insulin resistance: A study found that the six PFASs (PFHxS, PFOA, PFNA, PFDA, PFUA, and PFDeA) can bind to human G protein-coupled receptor 40 (GPR40), and the increase in intracellular calcium level mediated by GPR40 can promote the fusion of insulin-containing vesicles with plasma, leading to insulin secretion, disrupting glucose homeostasis and ultimately aggravating insulin resistance (48, 49).