CASP3 and neoplasm: As another example, M1 macrophage-derived exosomes loaded with PTX can polarize macrophages and release pro-inflammatory factors, which can not only participate in macrophage programming targeting mitochondrial functions and reactivate the tumor immune microenvironment, but also enhance antitumor effects through caspase-3-mediated pathways, thus treating breast cancer (Wang et al., 2019; Zhao et al., 2022).