However, exosomes derived from RAW264.7 cells and thalidomide (THD)-liposome co-ultrasonic extrusion can eliminate the expansion and proliferation of Treg cells induced by TNF in vitro, and reduce the survival and infiltration of Treg cells in the TME in vivo, so as to inhibit tumor growth (Yang et al., 2023). Here, TNF is linked to neoplasm.