During blast progression, long-term (LT)-HSCs isolated from CMP-pattern MDS patients had significantly upregulated genes involved in promoting cell proliferation and survival (such as BCL2), while tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-induced nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathway were significantly upregulated in the lymphoid-primed multipotent progenitors (LMPPs) from GMP-pattern MDS patients. Here, TNF is linked to myelodysplastic syndrome.