However, during the late stage of neoplastic progression, with the increment of cytokines such as IL-4, IL-10 and TGF-β in the TME, GAMs are polarized into M2 phenotype [52–54], which promotes tumor growth, angiogenesis and exacerbates the energy metabolism disorder, thus leading to tumor progression and treatment resistance [53, 55, 56] (Fig. 4). Here, TGFB1 is linked to neoplasm.