INS and diabetes mellitus: Additionally, an increase in multiple gut peptides (e.g., glucagon-like peptide 1, peptide YY) and bile acids as well as alteration of the gut microbiota following MBS have been reported to improve systemic glucose homeostasis and insulin sensitivity; these findings summarize the metabolic benefits of MBS for the remission of diabetes mellitus and MASLD independent of weight loss [6, 37].