On the other side, cotreatment with WSLE and WSLE NE revealed a signification downregulation of APP, GFAP, vimentin, TGF-β, Smad2, and BAX target genes which coincided with previous studies which highlighted the neuroprotective effect of WSLE in a variety of neurological disorders (Jindal et al. 2022; Sharma 2023; Syed et al. 2021b). Here, SMAD2 is linked to nervous system disorder.