MIF and non-small cell lung carcinoma: suggested that in NSCLC patients with recurrent MPE, MPE still recurred among 20% of patients when they were administrated with anti‐vascular agents combined with chemotherapy, suggesting that the VEGF pathway had limitations in control of recurrent MPE,68 which could be explained by our findings that MIF signalling also played a significant role mediating the recurrence of MPE.