PTEN and neoplasm: Cancer cells can evade immune detection and become resistant to treatments like ICIs by acquiring mutations that alter the antigens targeted by immune cells.110,111 As mentioned above, mutations affecting the IFN-γ pathway, the aging-associated immune function decline, the overall tumor mutational burden, and mutations in specific tumor suppressor/DNA damage repair genes (KDM6A, PTEN, STAG2, TP53, ATM, and BRCA2) have been associated with suboptimal responses in GU cancers.112,113 Additionally, the behavior of TAMs and host CD8+ T-cells is crucial to the effectiveness of immunotherapy.