VEGF is also known to contribute to the creation of an immunosuppressive environment.50 It directly inhibits the maturation and function of dendritic cells, crucial orchestrators of the immune response, thereby impairing the T-cell activation.51 Furthermore, VEGF facilitates the recruitment of regulatory T-cells (Tregs) and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), both essential in maintaining the immune suppressive TME.52 By promoting these suppressive cell populations, VEGF helps shield the tumor from immune surveillance. This evidence concerns the gene VEGFA and neoplasm.