IL6 and bladder transitional cell carcinoma: This process was primarily driven by the cytokine IL-6 secreted by CAFs, with the inhibition of IL-6 significantly reversing the EMT phenotype, highlighting its crucial role in bladder cancer progression.81 In another study examining the impact of CAFs in urothelial bladder cancer (UBC), it was revealed that CAFs, through the overexpression of miR-146a-5p, promote cancer stemness and chemoresistance to drugs like gemcitabine and cisplatin.