CTLA4 and neoplasm: It was demonstrated that therapies targeting MDSCs, when used in combination with PD-L1 inhibitors, significantly reduced tumor size and increased CD + 8 T-cell activity, suggesting a promising approach for treating cisplatin-resistant bladder cancers.125 Furthermore, a systematic review and meta-analysis, which included 16 studies with 1864 patients, found that a higher frequency of MDSCs was associated with shorter OS and poor disease-free survival/recurrence-free survival after treatment.126