In contrast to our observations, prior research has reported that thymoquinone (10 mg/kg, 10 days, PO) reduced TNF-α levels in rats with ischemia-reperfusion injury (17) and that thymoquinone (50 mg/kg, 2 weeks, PO) decreased TNF-α levels in mice with sepsis-induced AKI (40). Here, TNF is linked to acute kidney injury.