TGFBR1 and pulmonary fibrosis: Suppress the TGF-β pathway represents an attractive approach to treat pulmonary fibrosis, but extensive inhibition of TGF-β leads to hepatotoxicity (109) and cardiotoxicity (110, 111); targeting knockdown of TGF-β1 causes interstitial pneumonia and systemic perivascular inflammation (112, 113); and targeting inhibition of TGFBR1 promotes impaired alveolar and epithelial cell production (114).