As a central protein, Beclin-1 assembles cofactors to form the BECN1 (beclin 1) - phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase catalytic subunit type 3 (PIK3C3) - phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit 4 (PIK3R4) complex, initiating the autophagy protein cascade, and holds dual roles in NSCLC autophagy regulation (112). Here, PIK3C3 is linked to non-small cell lung carcinoma.