As mentioned previously, mast cells and keratinocytes can induce vascularization through the increment in VEGF secretion, enhanced TGF-β and FGF-2, thus can create more, larger, and highly dilated vessels which are considered important targets in melasma treatment (Kim et al., 2005; Kwon and Park, 2014a; Kwon et al., 2016). Here, VEGFA is linked to freckles.