IGFBP1 and gestational diabetes: In the SPRING cohort, all GDM cases were combined (n = 44 total, diagnosed either in early pregnancy or at 24–32 weeks gestation based on IADPSG criteria) and predictive analyses showed an OR of 0.75 (95% CI, 0.46–1.25; P = 0.28; adjusted for maternal age, BMI and gestational age at blood samples) for each SD increase in plasma IGFBP1 measured in the first trimester (median, 13 weeks gestation).