Unbiased analysis of plasma cytokines identified elevated levels of Granulocyte colony stimulation factor (G-CSF, 62-fold) and Chemokine (C-X-C) motif ligand 1 (CXCL1, 4-fold), known granulocyte-associated factors in the plasma of UTI-bearing mice (Fig. 4E)12,42. This evidence concerns the gene CXCL1 and bacterial urinary tract infection.