In addition, to ensure validity of our MR, i) we used IVs robustly associated with plasma angiogenin reported in Asian populations and validated in YT2D participants; and ii) a cis-pQTL as IVs because they are considered to have a more direct and specific biological effect on the proteins compared to trans-pQTLs (42); and are not associated with known cardiorenal risk factors linked with DKD progression. The gene discussed is ANG; the disease is diabetic kidney disease.