90). In addition, neoantigens, proinflammatory cytokines and cytosolic DNA are released into the TME which orchestrates an immune priming effect on anti-tumour populations. This includes influx and proliferation of resident CD8+ cytotoxic T cells and recruitment of antigen presenting cells such as dendritic cells. RT has been shown to increase expression of major histocompatibility complex 1 on the surface of tumour cells enabling easier recognition by cytotoxic T cells (Ref. 91). Here, CD8A is linked to neoplasm.