ATG5 and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: In our study, ACE treatment activated the AMPK-mTOR signaling pathway, resulting in the inhibition of mTOR expression and an upregulation of downstream autophagy-related mRNA expression (ULK, Atg5, Atg7).Although autophagy and leptin resistance have been associated with obesity, the relationship between autophagy and leptin remains unclear.