TNF and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: Hypoglycemic drugs such as dagaglizin promote islet beta cell regeneration, which may be related to the increase of L-tryptophan and GLP-1 levels [33].The modulation of inflammatory cytokines, including IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α, by Ap-MSC-sEVs suggests the potential role of the sEVs in managing obesity-induced inflammation and metabolic syndrome.