The comparison between male and female participants with respect POD incidence, age, comorbidities (cerebrovascular disease, chronic kidney disease, depression, and anxiety), American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) grade, AST, urine output, albumin level, glucose level, emergency surgery, blood loss, duration of MAP < 60 mmHg, and platelet count revealed no significant differences (all P > 0.05) (Supplementary Table 7). Here, ALB is linked to chronic kidney disease.