MAD1L1 and pulmonary emphysema: For instance, Veillonella parvula, which was found to activate airway inflammation and impair the bronchial epithelial activities [49, 50], was genetically linked and transcriptionally correlated with NUDT1 and MAD1L1. Given the function of MAD1L1 in reducing telomerase activity, the co-altered microbial-host features could synergistically result in the reduced proliferation of epithelial cells and contribute to emphysema [51].