TFF3 and gastric cancer: Over the past few decades, several circulating biomarkers that indicate the presence of GC have been documented, including gastrin-17 (G-17), pepsinogens (PGs), anti-Helicobacter pylori IgG antibodies [4], trefoil factor 3 (TFF3) [5], and metabolic markers such as 3-hydroxypropionic acid [6].