MPO and granulomatosis with polyangiitis: Even though the elevated BVAS in patients with MPA compared to those with GPA may account for this observation, given that previous research indicated the involvement of the CX3CL1-CX3CR1 axis in organ damage in MPO-ANCA-associated vasculitis54, it is plausible that CX3CL1 may play a greater role in promoting inflammation in MPA, where MPO-ANCA and renal involvement is more frequently observed.