TNF and spondylosis, cervical: In a rat spinal cervical spondylosis model, it has been found that ECH could reduce the inflammatory response by inhibiting excessive mitochondrial division and lowering reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, which ultimately suppresses the secretion of inflammatory factors such as interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α (Zhou et al., 2020).