LCN2 and Sepsis: The elevation of the AKI damage marker neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) in sepsis and inflammation restricts its clinical utility in predicting SA-AKI [45,46].Other AKI markers, such as intrarenal venous flow and kidney injury molecule 1, suffer from limitations including significant observation bias and low sensitivity, making them less suitable for widespread clinical application [47,48].