TNF and congenital rubella syndrome: We found that compared to control mice, CRS-exposed mice had significantly lower levels of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT or serotonin, a monoamine neurotransmitter) (Fig. 1H) and significantly higher levels of TNF-α and IL-6 as well as stress-related hormones including adrenaline (ADR) and norepinephrine (NADR) (Fig. 1J-1M).