PMFBP1 and Infertility: Subsequently, mutations in SUN5 and PMFBP1 are reported in more infertile men with ASS by different laboratories, confirming a predominant contribution of these two gene mutations to human ASS (Ekjgatib et al., 2017; Lu et al., 2021; Sha et al., 2018, 2019; Xiong et al., 2022).