[178] showed that pathologic levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin 6 suppressed erythroid colony formation and drive ineffective erythropoiesis via ROS-induced caspase-3 activation and apoptosis in a double knockout of mDia1 and mir-146a mouse model (mimicking del(5q) MDS). Here, TNF is linked to myelodysplastic syndrome.