BRAF and differentiated thyroid carcinoma: These BRAF mutations drive the activation of the MAPK pathway and the RAS/BRAF/MEK/ERK pathway becomes hyperactive, ultimately resulting in uncontrolled cell growth and the development of various human benign and malignant neoplasms, including melanotic neuroectodermal tumor of infancy, melanocytic nevi, thyroid papillary carcinoma, lung carcinoma, melanomas, and colorectal carcinomas (6,7).