In the differential diagnosis of AD versus VaD, serum SV2A demonstrated a high diagnostic AUC, which was significantly higher than that of GFAP (p = 0.0087), NfL (p = 0.0086), and p-tau217 (p = 0.0010) (Additional file 1: Table S4). The gene discussed is SV2A; the disease is Alzheimer disease.