Based on their marker genes (FGS5, NDUFA4L2, IGFBP3, PLVAP, APOE, C1QB, CCL5, KLRB1, LST1, LYZ, COL1A1, TIMP1, IGLC2, and IGLC3) (expression levels of these marker genes are shown as one heatmap in Supplementary Figure S2), these cells were categorized into five major subtypes, namely ccRCC tumor cells, TME-related cells, T cells, ECs, CAFs, and TAMs (Figure 2A). Here, C1QB is linked to nonpapillary renal cell carcinoma.