TNF and breast cancer: Kochumon et al. (2021) showed that TNF-α activates the c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK/c-Jun) signaling pathway [84], promoting stem cell phenotype and tumorigenesis in TNBC through upregulation of the Notch1 signaling pathway [85], involved in normal mammary gland development as well as in BC tumorigenesis and progression [86].