BRAF V600E mutations occur in approximately half of patients with skin melanomas, papillary thyroid carcinomas, and Langerhans cell histiocytosis; 5–10% of colorectal cancers and KRAS mutation-negative pancreatic malignancies; 1.5–2% of lung carcinomas and biliary tract cancers; and almost all patients with hairy cell leukemia as well as in some other tumor types [12,69]. The gene discussed is KRAS; the disease is lung carcinoma.