Downstream molecules of this pathway such as forkhead box protein O (FoxO), mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) and glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) are implicated in processes such as α-synuclein degradation, mitochondrial biogenesis, oxidative stress and inflammation all being of crucial importance in PD pathogenesis. Here, MTOR is linked to Parkinson disease.