TNF and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: Multiple clinical studies have shown that ALS patients exhibit increased peripheral immune response, with elevated levels of both pro-inflammatory (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-12p70, IL-15, IL-18, IFN-γ) and anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, IL-13) compared to healthy controls [18,41,42,43,44,45].