TNF and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: We analyzed the cytokine profile in ALS, including pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, IL-17E/IL-25, IL-17F, IL-31, IL-33, GM-CSF, TNF-α), anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, IL-13), cytokines assisting in TCD4+ modulation and programming (IL-12), and the cytokines characterizing specific TCD4+ cell responses (IFN-γ).