Intriguingly, migration assays performed on shTLR4 cells revealed that P. gingivalis independently regulates cell migration through a TLR4-dependent pathway, irrespective of whether co-culture or co-infection with F. nucleatum occurred, which demonstrates that under our experimental conditions, P. gingivalis alone could induce cell migration independent of the pro-inflammatory mediators induced by the co-culture. The gene discussed is TLR4; the disease is coinfection.