Mechanistically, ERK3 promotes cancer cell migration and invasion through various mechanisms, including actin polymerization and cytoskeletal structure [55], Snail-mediated epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) [56], IL-8-mediated chemotaxis [22] and matrix metalloprotein (MMP) gene expression (Figure 2) [36]. Here, MAPK6 is linked to cancer.