NDRG1 and neoplasm: More recently, the mTOR/AKT pathway was implicated in the regulation of NDRG1 as a tumor/metastasis promoter [51], and TGFβ has also been found to be responsible for NDRG1 having tumor-promoting activity via regulation of the epithelial–mesenchymal transition, metastasis, and cancer stem cells [63] (Figure 3).