NDRG1 and breast carcinoma: Mao and colleagues have shown that NDRG1 was associated with the progression of breast cancer from atypia to carcinoma, in that its expression was mostly negative in normal epithelium, atypical hyperplasia, and carcinoma in situ but was strongly positive in invasive carcinoma, especially invasive ductal carcinoma (92% of the cases) [58].