Our own in vivo studies using an immunocompromised mouse model revealed that depletion of NDRG1 in aggressive breast cancer cell lines significantly delayed tumor latency and reduced the size of the primary tumor; of particular note, we found that tail-vein injection of NDRG1-depleted breast cancer cell lines into immunocompromised mice suppressed metastatic burden and the incidence of brain metastasis and extended survival relative to NDRG1-expressing breast cancer cells [51]. Here, NDRG1 is linked to neoplasm.