SPAG5 and neoplasm: SPAG5 is thought to regulate various signalling pathways in connection to tumour initiation and progression, such as the hyperactivation of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) complex 1 (mTORC1), the p53-mediated DNA damage response, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B/mTOR (PI3K/AKT/mTOR), AKT/mTOR/WNT, and the activation of c-MYC pathways [10,11,12,13,14].