PDCD1 and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: In a recently published study on PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors used in a neoadjuvant setting in combination with chemotherapy, 20% of patients in the COPD group and 20.5% of those in the non-COPD group had grade 3 or 4 treatment-related AEs, mainly indicative of haematological toxicity [121].