ALB and lupus nephritis: Regarding urinary albumin excretion, patients with SLE exhibited significantly higher UACR levels compared to controls [8.9(16.2) vs. 5.7(2.6) mg/g, respectively, p < 0.05]; however, the results did not remain statistically significant after excluding individuals with a known history of lupus nephritis [6.3(8.1) vs. 5.7(2.6)].