Previous studies have found several circulating biomarkers associated with increased risk of AF in AF-related pathways: carboxy-terminal propeptide of procollagen type I (PICP, marker of cardiac fibrosis), high-sensitivity troponin T (hsTnT, marker of myocardial damage), high-sensitivity C reactive protein (hsCRP, marker of inflammation), 3-nitrotyrosine (3-NT, marker of oxidative stress), and N-terminal propeptide of B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP, marker of atrial stretch) [10,11,12,13,14,15]. The gene discussed is NPPB; the disease is atrial fibrillation.