VEGFA and colorectal cancer: Ketamine, when employed as an antagonist of NMDARs in colorectal cancer cells, diminishes the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha (HIF-1α), phosphorylated AKT, phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK), and phosphorylated CaMK II.