Additionally, in the LKB1-deficient mouse model of NSCLC, PMN-MDSCs were increased locally in the tumor microenvironment as well as systemically in the peripheral blood and spleen because of the increased secretion of C-X-C motif (CXC) chemokines with NH2-terminal Glu-Leu-Arg motifs in premalignant and cancer cells [157]. This evidence concerns the gene STK11 and non-small cell lung carcinoma.