Other genes identified within the human IBD ‘granulocyte, myeloid’ module, including NOD2, FCGR3 and PROK2, which were most highly expressed in the biopsies from ulcerative colitis (Fig. 7f), were most highly abundant in the Maffl/flCd4Cre mice (Fig. 7g). Here, NOD2 is linked to inflammatory bowel disease.