Our findings that T cell-associated and ILC-associated genes such as IFNG, IL12RB2, IL23R, IL18R, CSF2, IL17A and IL17F that were highly expressed in colon biopsies from human IBD11,38,39 showed differential expression in the LPLs from double-deficient Prdm1fl/flMaffl/flCd4Cre and Maffl/flCd4Cre mice and were enriched in Foxp3− effector T cells and ILC may reveal distinct pathological mechanisms of human IBD. This evidence concerns the gene CCL27 and inflammatory bowel disease.