T cell/ILC-related genes shown earlier to be expressed at the highest level in the LPLs from H. hepaticus double-deficient Prdm1fl/fMaffl/fCd4Cre-infected mice (Fig. 3) were contained within these human IBD modules and IFNG, CSF2, IL18R1, IL-12RB1, IL12RB2 and IL23R expression was increased in Crohn’s disease and to a greater extent in ulcerative colitis (Fig. 7f). Here, CSF2 is linked to inflammatory bowel disease.