BMP7 and cancer: BMP7 gene (bone morphogenetic protein-7), which belongs to the transforming growth factor-β superfamily and is associated with the dormancy of cancer cells, including CSCs, was significantly upregulated in tumour cells treated with 5-FU in a manner dependent on the activation of p21, p38 MAPK, and N-myc downstream-regulated gene 1 via BMP receptor-2 [39].