Myelodysplasia-related gene mutations, which were previously reported by Lindsley et al., such as SRSF2, SF3B1, U2AF1, ZRSR2, ASXL1, EZH2, BCOR, and STAG2, are related to chemoresistance of secondary AML and independent markers for adverse outcomes in de novo AML36. Here, ASXL1 is linked to acute myeloid leukemia.