VNN1 and chronic kidney disease: Further animal models showed that urinary vanin-1 (uVNN1) is a possible biomarker for kidney injury12 and extrinsic ureteral obstruction.13,14 Likewise, uVNN1 is associated with markers parameters of CKD such as an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) category < 60 mL/min/1.72 m2 and a urine albumin–creatinine ratio (UACR) in humans.15 uVNN1 levels increase in patients with type 1 diabetes and macroalbuminuria.16 VNN1 has been proposed as a possible antioxidant response expressed in renal proximal tubular epithelial cells in mice models of acute tubular injury.17