Innovations in exosome separation, such as the application of ADSP array technology to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), have streamlined the isolation of pure exosomal samples, unveiled biomarkers such as OLFM4, HDGF, and GDF15, and demonstrated the method's efficiency and potential for high-throughput diagnostic applications [129]. This evidence concerns the gene HDGF and hepatocellular carcinoma.