C9 and non-small cell lung carcinoma: Moreover, the identification of CFHR5, C9, and MBL2 as biomarkers for NSCLC metastasis assessment, along with interleukin-34, HLA-DMA, and HLA-DOB in serum exosomes, underscores the intricate role of exosomal proteins in NSCLC progression and immune system interactions [178, 179].