ATF6 and diabetes mellitus: 54). The higher expression of ATF6 and GRP78 in the OA with DM group compared with the non-DM group was in line with their endoplasmic reticulum stress regulation roles (Ref. 55). The fact that endoplasmic reticulum stress is involved in OA pathological changes may explain the expression magnitude in OA with DM (Ref. 56).