TNF and diabetes mellitus: 23). This is consistent with the immunohistochemistry findings that observed higher TNF expression in fibroblast-like synoviocytes of comparable groups (Ref. 29). Greater IL-6 and prostaglandin E2 expression was also observed in interleukin-1β (IL-1β)-stimulated human OA with DM cartilage culture compared with OA cartilage culture (Ref. 32). Further, increased IL-6 expression is positively associated with pain in OA with DM (Ref. 27).