The sequence of peptide vaccination and ICIs, namely the application of peptide vaccine 15 days prior to the application of the first ICI dose is based on previous data from preclinical and clinical trials showing that after vaccination with neoantigens in patients, the expression of both PD-1 on neoantigen-specific T cells and PD-L1 in tumor tissues increases, and anti-PD-1 or anti-PD-L1 immunotherapy improves the efficacy of vaccines (41, 43). Here, PDCD1 is linked to neoplasm.